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Masks of Shame in the Middle Ages: You Know What They Are?
At that time, wearing this mask of shame was a punitive measure for minor offenses.
This punishment imposed on the guilty was intended to offend, humiliate and dishonor them in full view.
Also called masks of infamy, these are different and are real caricatures of crimes.
Note, for example, a hanging tongue for someone who has spread false rumors, oversized ears for an indiscreet or overly curious individual.
Convicts must show up in markets and crowded places to endure the shame.
Fortunately, they had the advantage of protecting them to a certain extent from rubbish and other things that one took pleasure in throwing in their faces ...
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Hello everyone !
Not everyone would die young.
Life in the Middle Ages is often seen as short because, for example, of the conditions in which people lived.
However, if we tend to say that people at that time would die at 35, we must remember that this is a simple average.
Infant mortality was quite high, yes, but if a man was still alive at age 21, he had a good chance of living to be over 50.
We often perceive the life of peasants as trying because we imagine them working a lot.
Still, they had plenty of rest. Sunday was a day without work; it was even systematic.
All this is without counting Christmas, Easter and all those religious festivals which made them rest during the Holy Days.
In fact, for about a third of the year they were at rest.
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Women were not submissive in a home.
We often have this image of the passive medieval woman who was content only to take care of the children and cook.
However, this was not the case during the Middle Ages. During this time, you should know that Europe was essentially agricultural.
In the end, that's what put family members on an equal footing. Everyone was in charge of working in the fields because famine was constantly threatening.
Therefore, since women had the same responsibilities as men, they were equal.
They were therefore real workers! In town, it was the same in the shops and taverns. If a man ran a tavern or whatever, his daughters would help him run the property.
They were even likely to take over the business from their fathers. It was not uncommon to see a female patron of a tavern.
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Knights were not honorable fighters rescuing damsels in distress.
Certainly, the knights went to war to fight and defend their kings.
But when it wasn't war, what were these "valiant horsemen" doing?
Being young and having nothing else to let off steam, they were busy in a somewhat ... violent way.
Indeed, around the 11th century, the local lords quarreled among themselves.
Result: there were landings in neighboring villages where the knights came to massacre poor innocent people.
In reality, knights were expected to defend the weak.
But this was interpreted to protect women and children, not the peasants.
This is why the knights at that time allowed themselves such violence against the villagers despite their status as defenders. Not very classy.
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Hello everyone !
When we think of the Middle Ages, we often imagine a foul smell and dirty people. Well no !
In fact, baths were even taken! It was even a tradition.
At the time, villages did not have washing facilities in every household.
It was in fact a common bath that was organized in the cities. Everyone bathed together after a hard day's work.
And for the lucky ones who had enough to bathe at home, imagine that they even offered a bath to their guests!
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Universities were created in the Middle Ages!
The term "universitas" appears in the West to designate the group formed by teachers and their students.
The oldest universities were created more or less simultaneously, around 1200, in sites already active at the end of the 12th century: Bologna, Paris, Oxford, Montpellier.
These four institutions remained until the end of the Middle Ages and well after, the most prestigious Western universities.
Medieval universities, organized into faculties from their foundation, generally have five faculties.
The Faculty of Arts has the largest number of students: it teaches the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, music) which constitute the common basis of any university course.
When students have obtained the Master of Arts, they have the option of moving on to the Faculties of Medicine, Canon Law, Civil Law or Theology.
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Hello everyone !
Our classic pastries are much older than you think!
A custard, do you like it? or an apple pie?
These are modern pastries, aren't they? Well no !
First, in the Middle Ages the separation between sweet and savory in the order of dishes did not exist!
This practice is more recent and dates from the 17th century!
In medieval times, a "dessert" corresponded to the third or fourth course, but could be sweet or savory.
But the sweet taste developed in the Middle Ages from the 15th century thanks to the cultivation of sugar cane.
This is how our current desserts find their origins.
Yes, the flan, the pie, the waffles that we called "the forgotten ones" and many other desserts were already delighting the taste buds of good ladies and beautiful young ladies!
And, the use of spices in baking as in medieval cooking was very common.
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"It's a dark age for the arts and sciences"
The caliper, the spinning wheel, the compass, the powder, the paper and even the glasses ...
The list of technical innovations that the Middle Ages brought us is long.
The watermill, already known in Antiquity, generalized and improved during this period, to such an extent that it became a characteristic element of the territories, and the miller, an emblematic character.
Exchanges between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean arc never stop and intensify, both on land and at sea, which facilitates the dissemination of knowledge and techniques.
Symbols of the intensity of exchanges, the Champagne fairs are places where the whole world comes together.
Globalization before the era of the "great discoveries".
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"The nobles lived in seclusion in their fortified castle"
Can you imagine a nobleman without his castle? Well yes.
The generalization of stone castles is also dated to the 12th century, more than 700 years after the beginning of the Middle Ages.
The nobles lived in "houses", built flat and not in height. Dungeons, for example, don't appear until the 12th century.
The concept of "nobility" is moreover questioned by historians who prefer the term "aristocracy" to designate the social group of the dominant.
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"The barbarians invaded Europe"
"Barbarian" peoples, in the sense that they were not Roman, did invest Western Europe in the 5th century.
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and other Alans gradually settled in, but not in the brutal ways often described.
We should rather speak of "great migrations" than of "invasions".
These took place gradually from the second and third centuries:
"These are not sudden, massive landings, but long migratory movements of diverse groups."
With episodes of violence and looting, of course, but often with the agreement of the Romans, who found it increasingly difficult to hold their borders.
"So it's almost a chosen immigration!"
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Hello everyone !
You may have already had heard that the Middle Ages was an age without cities.
Recent archaeological findings show the opposite.
Even if the majority of the inhabitants live in rural areas, the urban poles are maintained between the 4th and the 11th centuries.
There are many agglomerations during the first Middle Ages.
These are characterized "by a denser population and with more varied functions than in agricultural land.
Notably, there were no streets yet.
The habitat, often built of wood and mud, was regularly rearranged as needed.
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The tradition of toasting dates back to the Middle Ages.
Indeed, in times of feudal wars, we toasted to make sure we poured liquid from our drink into another's glass.
We were therefore sure that if the person tried to poison us, he would be too.
All the more so if the person in front of you didn't drink after drinking a toast, neither did you.
The same goes for the handshake ...
Back then we grabbed the other person's forearm to make sure they weren't hiding a dagger with which they could kill us.
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Indians weren't always beaten by cavalry
It is a classic of westerns: the attack of hundreds of Indians against United States soldiers.
A somewhat epic take on history, as the Amerindians, less armed and often fewer in number, preferred guerrilla warfare to pitched battles.
Thus, the Sioux lakotas multiplied the skirmishes against the Whites when the cohabitation treaties were not respected.
Overwhelmed by the scale of the attacks, Northerner General Sheridan had to leave their territory in 1868.
But intrusions into the sacred Lakota Mountains resumed in 1874 following the discovery of gold.
The authorities attempted to buy these lands from the Indians, who refused.
On June 25, 1876, Custer's 7th Cavalry Regiment faced the Lakota, allied with the Cheyennes, at the Battle of Little Bighorn; Custer and 263 soldiers perished there.
This Indian victory remains a pride for the community and has inspired many books and films, including The Fantastic Charge (1941).
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Indians Weren't So "Wild"
Between 500,000 and 600,000 Indians lived beyond the Mississippi when white settlers arrived in the early 19th century.
About 100 tribes could be counted, speaking 375 different languages and practicing agriculture, hunting and fishing.
In the valleys of Missouri and Arkansas, they occupied mud houses in villages. The Pawnees cultivated corn. The Sioux, the Cheyennes and the Comanches hunted bison.
The whites made them sign treaties to settle in their homes, but did not respect their terms, which sparked Indian revolts.
Merciless warriors - they scalped their victims - Indians often displayed courage and self-sacrifice. Between 1866 and 1891, they lost nearly 4,000 combatants, while 932 American soldiers were killed and over a thousand wounded.
Unlike bandits and marshalls at times, Indians rarely attacked stagecoaches or convoys.
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Not all Indians wore feathers
Only the Sioux - who included the Lakotas, Nakotas and Dakotas - did wear large feathered headdresses.
But they reserved these adornments for their great feasts and their ceremonies.
The rest of the time, these skilled horsemen were much less prepared.
They wore hunter's outfits, much more convenient for staying in the saddle for a long time and shooting.
Bison were the main source of livelihood for these nomadic Indians, so much so that the US military carried out mass killings of entire herds in order to starve them.
Another cliché: most of the Indians were sedentary, the Sioux being the exception; they slept in the summer in tents, the famous tipis, and spent the winter in huts and cabins.
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Who were the pioneers in the USA?
The first Americans to come there were members of John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company, part of the Astor Expedition which established Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1811.
In 1777, they received aid. from France.
In 1779, they received help from Spain.
In 1781, at the Battle of Yorktown, the Americans definitely won the war.
In 1783, at the Treaty of Paris, England definitively recognized the United States as an independent country.
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What was the cause of the rush to the west?
The war between the United States and Mexico in 1847 finally settled the dispute.
At the end of this conflict, the United States acquired, among other things, California, which in 1849 became the scene of a gold rush on an unprecedented scale, attracting populations from all over the world.
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Rush for Oklahoma: Control of Indian Territories
In 1889, hundreds of thousands of European settlers divided Indian lands among themselves by taking part in the Land Run, a furious cavalcade across the plains of Oklahoma.
Their goal ?
Get hold of land offered for settlement. 8,000 square kilometers of land to be colonized
The principle is as simple as it is astounding: the plots of land will be allocated free of charge to the settlers on a “first come, first served” basis.
This Land Run of April 22, 1889 remains one of the most mind-boggling - and brutal - episodes of the conquest of the West.
In the year 1889, the great explorations of the American West were drawing to a close. The gold rush and the construction of the transcontinental railroad were a thing of the past.
The central Great Plains region (Montana to Texas) had been colonized, notably under the Homestead Act of 1862, a law giving European farmers ownership of the land they occupied after driving out the Indians.
Today's Oklahoma was a special case. Called then Indian Territory, it was the last refuge of the Amerindians after decades of violence and displacement of populations.
To be an owner, it was enough to arrive first on a piece of land, to take possession of it by planting a pole on the ground on which was written "This land is mine".
Cities raised from the ground in one day. The next day, the first solid buildings were erected: banks, saloons, gambling houses…
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Hello everyone ! Who was Buffalo Bill really?
In the West, when legend outweighs reality, the legend is printed. "
This provocative line comes from a journalist in John Ford's western The Man Who Killed Liberty Valence (1962).
It applies perfectly to Buffalo Bill, the most famous character of the Old West.
The most famous, but also the most controversial ...
Icon of the cowboy with his long hair, his beautiful mustaches, his Stetson and his fringed tunics, William Cody owes much his popularity to accommodations with reality, even to pure and simple inventions, which transformed a bison killer. as an epic hero.
Because this guide appreciated by the colonists and the army proved to be a sacred storyteller and an extraordinary director of the stories that the cowboys told each other at the vigil, whether they were fighting against the Indians or cavalry charges.
William Cody challenges another US Army scout named Billy Comstock. It's about slaughtering as many bison as possible in a day, without ever dismounting.
This competition, organized by newspapers, takes place in front of a hundred spectators who came by special train. Cody manages to kill 38 beasts in the first round, then 18 and 13 more.
Final score: 69 for Cody, against 46 for Comstock.
From then on, we only call him Buffalo Bill.
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African-Americans, Jews, Irish…
Minorities in the days of the Far West :
The Mexicans
The Mexicans may have traced their genealogy since the founding of New Spain, they were collectively recruited as seasonal workers, notably in the corn and cotton fields of the New Mexico.
The French:
based in San Francisco Unlike the Italian or Irish migrants, these newcomers did not flee poverty.
For most traders, investors or bankers, it was the opportunities to make a fortune that attracted them there.
To mock the lack of enthusiasm of our fellow citizens to adopt the English language, they nicknamed them the "kezkidis".
The British: The Mormon Wave Among the workers in the coalfields, one particular case has deeply marked the history of the West: that of the British Mormons who came to build "the new Jerusalem" in the great American spaces.
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African-Americans, Jews, Irish…
Minorities in the days of the Wild West.
The Irish: A Key Role in the Railroad Epic Found in large numbers in the mines of California, Nevada and Colorado, they also played a key role in the railroad epic.
From 1860 to 1869, the faithful of Saint Patrick built from Omaha, Nebraska, the "east-west" section of the first transcontinental railway line, while their Chinese counterparts carried out from Sacramento, Calif., The “west-east” section.
So it was thanks to the Sino-Irish force that New York was only a week's journey from San Francisco - instead of six months before.
The Chinese: They called themselves "Gamsaanhaak", "the guests of the Golden Mountain".
An evocative paraphrase to designate California plunged into gold fever since 1848.
Agricultural workers (coolies), cooks, launderers around the deposits, or workers, they were distinguished by their endurance.
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African Americans, Jews, Irish ...
Minorities in the Old West African Americans: The West was a refuge.
Land, easy money, a new life and most of all ... freedom.
The Jews: Two men with similar surnames perfectly illustrate these American-style success stories.
One became a great politician and the second, Levi Strauss, founded commercial establishments in San Francisco in the 1850s.
He then created the essential piece of the loggers 'and miners' panoply: blue jeans.
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The Transcontinental, the railroad that made America.
In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln decided to build a transcontinental railway line, connecting the Pacific coast with that of the Atlantic.
Six years of titanic work to overcome this challenge.
Omaha, the largest city in Nebraska, has been dubbed "the Gateway to the West."
On May 15, a train from the East Coast arrived in Sacramento.
It took a week to cover a distance that the wagons took six months to cover.
The dream has come true.
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Hello everyone !
Many vigilantes who inspired the legends of the Wild West have existed.
Between settling of scores, robberies, arrests and manhunts, the acts of arms of these impulsive and violent individuals have also forged the legend of the American West.
Whether it's Billy the Kid, Calamity Jane, Jesse James or the Daltons, their stories are still being told today.
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Hello everyone ! Discover the true story of the Dalton brothers!
The Dalton brothers really existed and became famous for their multiple attacks on banks and trains.
But before they became highwaymen, Emmett, Bill, Grat, and Bob were role models.
Three brothers, three lawyers who abuse their authority as Marshalls, extort traders, steal horses.
They are all the less embarrassed because Washington regularly delays sending their paychecks.
Emmett, the only Dalton who survived a massacre, will also contribute to the notoriety of the Dalton.
Sentenced to life imprisonment on March 8, 1893, he was sent to a Texas state prison. His good behavior earned Emmett his release after fourteen years.
So at 36, he married his faithful Julia, became a real estate agent in California and wrote his memoirs, before working in the cinema.
In 1916, he played his own role in The Man of the Desert: actor on the Frontier and then in Hollywood, he embodied his own legend during his lifetime, before dying in Los Angeles in 1937.
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Hello everyone !
About half of the cowboys were people of color.
It is a little-known reality of the conquest of the West: at the end of the 19th century, 45% of cowboys were black, Mexican, mestizo or Indians.
In the 1930s, one of them, Bill Pickett, even became a star.
He invented bulldogging, a technique that involves jumping off your horse to control a cow - or even a bull - by grabbing it by the horns!
The rodeos of the time made it an official event. And Bill Pickett, who attended, was dubbed the "black demon."
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Hello everyone !
The largest star in the Universe is currently being absorbed by a black hole.
For the first time, a black hole has been caught ripping and swallowing a star that's too close.
Scientists, who until now had only witnessed the aftermath of such events, claim that the observation highlights "relativistic jets", shards of matter that spring up at almost the speed of light.
At the center of virtually all large galaxies are super massive black holes.
These monsters, which are millions to billions of times the mass of the sun, can tear through passing objects, gravitational pulling at the stars in gigantic versions of how our moon pulls over Earth's oceans to generate tides.
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Hello everyone !
There is a planet that could be made entirely of diamonds.
New research by scientists at Yale University suggests that a rocky planet twice the size of Earth orbiting a nearby star is a diamond planet.
“This is our first glimpse of a rocky world with fundamentally different chemistry from Earth,” said lead researcher Nikku Madhusudhan, Yale postdoctoral researcher in physics and astronomy.
"The surface of this planet is probably covered with graphite and diamond rather than water and granite."
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The center of our galaxy could smell of raspberries and rum!
Ethyl formate is responsible for the raspberry flavor and is present in large quantities in the center of the Galaxy.
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Clouds of gas flee our galaxy!
Observed recently from the Green Bank Observatory, more than a hundred hydrogen clouds are making their way through the galaxy at a speed of 1.2 million kilometers per hour.
Scientists studying the desert cloud explain that clouds can act as tracers for the process that results in Fermi bubbles.
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Hello everyone!
The galactic center rejects hot air.
The Milky Way releases massive bubbles of extremely hot gas.
Fermi bubbles are radiating “8” shaped structures located on either side of the galactic center of the Milky Way and oriented perpendicular to the galactic disk.
Unknown until 2010, it is not clear exactly why these bubbles form and exist, but scientists believe they could be linked to the death of a star in the Sagittarius A * region.
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Hello everyone !
The galaxy is an island in a stream of stars.
The Milky Way absorbs galaxies that come a little too close.
Over time, scientists who have studied our galaxy have detected two dozen clusters of stars, afterglow of galaxies.
These rivers of ghostly stars were formed when the very powerful gravity of the Milky Way dismantled the smallest galaxies.
During the last Congress of the American Astronomical Union, a team from the Dark Energy Survey, an international program seeking to map hundreds of millions of galaxies in order to better understand the nature of dark energy, announced the detection 11 additional star currents, some of which bear Aboriginal names.
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We hang out with old stars!
The Milky Way is also surrounded by more than 150 ancient groups of stars, some of which are among the oldest in the universe.
Called globular clusters, these conglomerates of primordial stars live in the orbit of the Milky Way and its galactic center.
Each of these clusters includes hundreds of thousands of stars.
In addition, dozens of galaxies
satellites accompany the Milky Way in its course; some are difficult to observe, but the Small Cloud and the Large Magellanic Cloud appear every evening in the southern hemisphere.
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We are surrounded by a black halo.
The Milky Way is nested in a cluster of dark matter much larger and more massive than the galaxy itself.
In the late 1960s, astronomer Vera Rubin deduced the presence of dark matter in the periphery of galaxies by studying the speed of rotation of stars in spiral galaxies.
She observed that the stars near the outskirts of Andromeda were moving at a speed that should have sent them to the far reaches of the universe.
And yet they stayed in their orbit, which meant that some sort of cosmic glue held them together.
This "glue", we now know, is dark matter.
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Hello everyone !
Our sun is just one star among hundreds of billions.
The Milky Way is home to a hundred billion stars.
Maybe 300 or 400 billion.
We do not yet know for sure how many stars make up our galaxy.
Several of them are small, faint stars that are difficult to detect over great cosmic distances, especially when massive clouds obscure the horizon near Sagittarius A *.
Astronomers have estimated the total number of stars in the Milky Way based on the mass and brightness of our galaxy, but it remains impossible to determine this number exactly.
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The Milky Way is not eternal!
In about 4 billion years, the Milky Way will collide with its closest neighbor, the Andromeda Galaxy.
The two spiral galaxies are approaching each other at a speed of 402,000 kilometers per hour.
When they come into contact, it won't be as catastrophic as you might imagine.
Earth will certainly survive this galactic shock, and only a few rare stars will actually be destroyed.
The new mega-galaxy will offer intensely starry night skies.
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A huge black hole sits at the center of our galaxy.
Sagittarius A *, located in the center of the Milky Way, is a huge black hole whose mass is about 4 million times that of our sun.
This object has never been observed directly - it is hidden by thick clouds of dust and gas.
But astronomers have been able to observe the orbit of stars and clouds near the center of the galaxy, and in this way calculate the mass of this hidden cosmic giant.
Huge black holes are said to have made their home in the heart of most galaxies, and some feed on surrounding matter so forcefully that they reject powerful radiation visible millions of light years away.
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Hello everyone !
The earth is 18 galactic years old.
The solar system moves through interstellar space at a speed of 805,000 kilometers per hour.
Even at this speed, it takes 250 million Earth years to circle the Milky Way.
The last time our 4.5 billion-year-old planet was in the same position in the Milky Way, all five continents were still touching, dinosaurs had just appeared, mammals had yet to evolve, and the world's greatest extinction mass of our planet's history was falling into place.
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Hello everyone !
The Milky Way is generally flat.
Our galaxy is about a hundred thousand light-years long and a thousand light-years wide.
Inside this generally flat (albeit somewhat distorted) disk, the Sun and its planets are enveloped in clusters of gas and dust, more than 26,000 light years from the tumultuous heart of our galaxy.
A wave of dust and stars envelops the galactic center.
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Hello everyone !
You know the story of Sleeping Beauty!
But did you know that in the original version of Basil, it is not a celibate prince who finds Princess Talia but a married king in search of his lost hawk?
Taking advantage of the sleeping beauty, he leaves her two twins, the Sun and the Moon, who, seeking breast milk, removed the splinter that had plunged the beauty into a deep sleep.
We are far from the fairy tale praised by Disney ...
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The Little Mermaid, written by Danish Hans Christian Andersen, dates from 1837.
In his version, mermaids are soulless beings who, when they die, disappear in the foam of the waves.
It's a sad reality for the little mermaid who would love to be human and have the hope of an afterlife.
She therefore wishes to leave the world of the sea to escape her fate.
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Peter Pan was originally a character in the adult novel The Little White Bird, by J. M. Barrie, published in 1902.
Due to the success of this character who appeared in only a few chapters, J. M. Barrie made him the hero. from a play he wrote in 1904:
Peter Pan or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up.
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An urban legend is a modern story, approaching a myth, spreading by word of mouth.
She approaches the rumor and the hoax by expressing especially fears and fixations.
Depending on its resistance to time, it becomes part of folklore ...
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There are said to be a dozen different origins of the legends.
But five stand out.
They could be anthropological (and come from primitive human thoughts), astral or naturalist (by deifying the great manifestations of nature), mythological (created by the tales of the prehistoric childhood of the homeland) or even linguistic (resulting from the transmission of stories transformed between several peoples).
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Some illustrators like Gustave Doré, Arthur Rackham and Edmond Dulac owe their notoriety to fairy tales.
Indeed, their drawings and engravings are more than an illustration, they offer a real interpretation of the text.
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A legend is strongly linked to a key element, this is specified and focuses on a place, an object, a character, a story, etc.
Over time, the legend can evolve into a myth for future societies, as it loses in precision and gains in fantasy and amplification, and turns towards the mystical.
Thus, in a legend, there can be a part of myth, as with regard to Heracles, the Greek hero, the Hercules of the Romans.
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Legend differs from myth in that a legend holds real facts.
A story is told then is transmitted orally hence the modifications.
We can define it as a story that mixes the true and the false.
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The word "legend" from the Latin "legenda" or "which must be read" is a story written to be read publicly.
In the 16th century, the legend becomes a marvelous tale where historical facts are transformed by popular imagination or poetic invention.
Historical precision then takes a back seat to spiritual intention.
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Originally, The Little Prince was a Christmas story commissioned from Saint Exupéry by the New York publisher Reynald & Hitchcock.
Finally released in April 1943, it was not published in France until three years later posthumously.
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The word "tale" comes from the Latin "computare" whose meaning was "to enumerate, to relate facts".
According to the eras, and mainly after the Middle Ages, the tale will concern the recounting of less serious, more mischievous and fantastic anecdotes which amuse and educate.
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The French expression "Il était une fois" appears for the first time in 1694 in the tale Peau d´Âne thanks to Charles Perrault.
This phrase from its English counterpart, "Once Upon a Time", is said to have been used for the first time around 1380 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary).
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Popular fairy tales find their origin in oral tradition.
Cinderella's story, for example, dates back to the 9th century BC in China, but it was not until 1634 that she arrived in Europe, transcribed by the Italian author Giambattista Basile.
His collection of stories called The Pentamerone brings together the first versions of Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood and Puss in Boots.
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Basil is the first author of fairy tales.
Born in Naples in 1575, he was published posthumously by his sister, through a collection entitled “The Tale of Tales or Pongletone”.
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Hello everyone !
Before becoming written and illustrated stories, tales were above all a story that was passed on by word of mouth.
In all countries of the world, this oral tradition is part of the collective memory.
Stemming from real facts mystified to make the tale fantastic, the tale is first told by storytellers before appearing in writing with later recognized authors such as the Brothers Grimm or Charles Perrault.
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Hello everyone !
If the 80s launched a great turning point in French society, the 90s followed suit.
Do you remember the pogs, tamagochis, totoches and marbles?
Well for the memory of people who know and for the discovery of the youngest, here is a video that sums up the 90s :)
Good discovery and good game;)
Hello everyone ! Now back to 1989!
As we celebrate the centenary of the Eiffel Tower, the Berlin Wall falls and marks the end of the Cold War.
Madonna angered the Vatican with her song "Like a Prayer" with 38 million singles and around 98 million albums sold in France.
The charity song of the great Charles Aznavour "For you Armenia" is the first to enter directly at No. 1 of the Top 50.
The young singer Sirima Wiratunga, revealed in her duet "Over there" with Jean Jacques Goldman leaves us tragically.
Olivier de Kersauzon breaks the world record for solo round-the-world sailing and Michael Chang, at 17, becomes the youngest winner of Roland Garros by beating Ivan Lendl.
Thanks to the broadcast of the clip throughout the summer on a loop on TF1, the lambada is the hit of summer 89!
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Hello everyone ! Back in 1988!
Mylène Farmer continues her meteoric rise with more than a million of her album "Thus, be I ..." among the 78 million albums and 43 million single sold in France!
Celine Dion wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland with her title "Don't leave without me".
Meanwhile at Wembley, a big concert is organized to demand the release of Nelson Mandela.
The sport is also prolific with the victories in tennis of the German Steffi Graff, the Swedish Mats Wilander at Roland Garros and the Spanish cyclist Pedro Delagdo in the Tour de France.
"Le Grand Bleu" tops the Box Office with its 9,194118 entries in France and "Les Guignols de l'info" and "Questions pour un champion" appear on French television.
While George Bush becomes president of the United States, Mitterand, re-elected president inaugurates the pyramid of Louvres.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Today we go back to 1987!
While Lio stirred up controversy by stepping onto the stage at Olympia who was five months pregnant, TV6 gave way to M6.
The Futuroscope in Poitiers was inaugurated and the 1st telethon on Antenne 2 recorded a pledge of 181,237,459 francs (or 27,629,525.77 euros).
TF1, which has just been privatized, is launching Club Dorothée's first program.
While Johnny Hallyday is performing in Bercy for the first time, we deplore the tragic departure of Dalida. :(
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Today we are going back to 1986!
The music industry is doing well with 54 million singles and 57 million albums sold in France!
Mylène Farmer revolutionizes, but causes scandal at the same time with her video clip "Libertine".
Jean-Jacques Goldman writes the song for the Restos du Cœur while the Telephone group is breaking up.
Daniel Balavoine tragically leaves us as a new French music channel is born, called TV6 (soon M6).
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Now back to 1985!
The painter Marc Chagall passed away at 97, as did the actress Simone Signoret at 64.
The wreckage of the Titanic was then found 900km from Newfoundland.
Alain Prost becomes Formula 1 world champion and Coluche creates the Restos du Cœur.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
Louis de Funes will not have had time to discover the first Peugeot 205s, the TGV which connects Lyon to Paris in less than two hours or the first compact disc (CD) in 1983.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Welcome to 1982!
What if it wasn't "The Last Show" and we started celebrating music for the first time.
A beautiful princess left Monaco with "Grace".
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
In 1981, Dallas landed in France at the same time as free radio.
The music channel MTV is born and we attend the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana while Brassens leaves us.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Back in 1980!
John Lennon was leaving us and Sophie Marceau appeared in "La boum" by Claude Pineau.
That year, Toru Iwatani invented the famous Pacman.
The biggest hit in video game history, the yellow man is said to be inspired by a pizza that lacks a quarter :)
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The French-speaking Scrabble world champion does not speak French!
New Zealander Nigel Richards became world champion in French-speaking Scrabble (he was already for English-speaking scrabble).
What is amazing is that this man does not speak French.
How did he manage to win this title despite his linguistic handicap?
Thanks to his impressive memory, Nigel Richards managed to learn in just nine weeks the official French-speaking Scrabble dictionary which contains over 380,000 words.
He has not learned the meaning of words, for him it is binary, words have only numerical value.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone ! Little flashback!
You certainly don't know Gunpei Yokoi, the inventor of the Game Boy, and the D-pad, the multi-directional controller found on all gamepads.
He was responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the machines used to make Hanafuda cards at Nintendo.
Inventor of the Game Boy and superhuman abilities of Mario, and the appearance of multiplayer mode in this game by introducing his brother Luigi.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The odd even is a mixed game, born from the exchanges of civilizations between Greeks and Romans.
The players have an equal number of marbles (pebbles or shells ...).
One of them hides a few in his hand; he can hide them all if he wishes.
The second pronounces one of the two words: "even" or "odd".
If he pronounces the word "even" and there is indeed an even number of marbles, then he receives a marble from the first for his correct answer; conversely, he must give one for a false answer.
In the next round, the roles are reversed.
The game is played over a number of moves.
The winner is the one who has the most marbles or who has taken all of his opponent's marbles.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
La mourre is a Roman game of chance.
The two players stand face to face, right hand forward.
Each must, at the same time his opponent, show any number of fingers while pronouncing a number from 1 to 10.
One of the two players scores a point when the total of the fingers shown by each of them equals the number he has spoken.
Zero is designated by the closed point or "morra".
Example: Player A says 5 by showing 4 fingers, Player B says 6 by showing 1 finger.
It is therefore player A who scores a point since: 4 + 1 = 5 (number stated by player A).
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
Mancala is the generic name for a set of traditional African and Asian board games, also called seedling games.
These are abstract combinatorial strategy games of the "count and capture" type in which pebbles, seeds or shells are distributed in rows of cups or holes, sometimes dug in the ground.
Among the mancala games we can mention the awalé.
These games have played and are playing an important role in many African societies, much like the game of chess in the West.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
Patolli is one of the oldest games played in Mesoamerica and many indigenous peoples.
It is a game of chance, quite similar to our game of goose, which was played with frenzy by all strata of most Mesoamerican societies.
Its name comes from the Nahuatl word which designates beans used for dice.
52 boxes are shown there which correspond to the years of the solar cycle, a number with essential symbolism in Mesoamerica.
The patolli thus appears as a game with fate, in which we look for omens, where we bet to liven up the game.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The earliest dice as we know them originated in Asian culture during the period of antiquity.
They are one of the oldest devices in games of chance, and also generators of random numbers.
The most common dice are cubes, each with six sides showing a different number, and the numbers are arranged so that the opposite sides to be added make seven.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The Shuanglu game was an ancient game that has been lost.
Similar to the game of chess, Shuanglu is said to have been a popular game in ancient China.
In the old days, the Shuanglu set was offered in wine and tea shops in the north, so that people could play the game while drinking tea.
During the Yuan Dynasty, the game was popular with scholars and scholars.
Still, the game encountered a phase of declining popularity, even though it was still mentioned in novels and plays.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
Apart from xiangqi (Chinese chess game) and Weiqi or game of go, Liubo was another popular game in China during ancient times.
Each of the two players has six chess pieces, hence Liubo's name "six strokes".
The paraphernalia of the game includes a dice, chess pieces, a chess board, shavings, a cutting knife, a scraping knife and a holster.
There are a total of 12 chess pieces - 6 black and 6 white (or red) with each color representing one side.
The chess board, otherwise known as "qudao" is usually a square wooden board with grooves of various rectangular shapes and round dots debossed on the white or black surface.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
Boqian is an ancient Asian game which means "to beat coins".
Participants toss coins into their hands, then turn them over on a flat surface.
Once all the pieces are laid out, we proceed to the counting of the face sides and the stacks of the time, which will make it possible to designate the winner.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The first forms of writing from antiquity in Europe come from the Minoan civilization (Crete) as early as -2700.
Linear scripts A and B have followed one another to give birth, among other things, to the Etruscan, Latin, Armenian and Cyrillic alphabets.
Have a good day everyone and have a good game;)
Hello everyone !
The game of "Polis" or literally of the "City" is a game of strategy, precursor of the game of chess.
It includes a board, the "Polis", divided into small squares and comprising from 32 to 60 black and white pawns (the dogs, "kynes"), which were each positioned on their side of the board according to their color.
The game was between two players who took turns moving the pawns on the different squares of the board, the goal being to capture and eliminate the opponent's pawns.
Each pawn could move forward, backward, left or right.
When the winner had minimal losses, his victory was all the more glorious.
This game was very popular and the champions of the "Polis" enjoyed great social prestige.
Good day and good game ;)
Hello everyone !
The ostomachion, literally "the battle of the bones" is the first puzzle in history and the ancestor of our current tangrams.
It was probably invented by Archimedes to solve a mathematical problem, or as a source of reflection.
The game consisted of a square base cut into 14 geometric pieces.
The object of the game was to combine the pieces in several ways and using them all, to piece together the square, or precise figures (a helmet, a goose in flight, a tower, a column, an elephant, a boar, a dog barking or a hunter on the prowl).
Have a nice day everyone and have a good game;)
Hello everyone !
The little Greeks played with ancestors of spinning tops and spheres (first terracotta yo-yos).
But also with the toys of Dionysus, polyhedra that Plato considered the primary structural components of the creation of the world:
- a) the regular tetrahedron (4 faces, 4 vertices and 6 edges) which symbolized fire,
- b) the regular hexahedron or cube (6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges) which symbolized the Earth,
- c) the regular octahedron (8 faces, 6 vertices and 12 edges) which symbolized air,
- d) the regular icosahedron (20 faces, 12 vertices and 30 edges) which symbolized water.
Have a nice day everyone and have a good game;)
Hello everyone !
The Greeks had the first game libraries called "houses of games" (kubeuteria) which were located near or in shrines ...
Tali is one of the famous games from ancient Greece that was quickly played among the Romans as well, including Emperor Augustus and his friends.
With each throw of the dog (ossicle which is worth one) or of the six.
The winner was the one who got the "Venus blow", where each bone falls on a different side, which implies that they were playing with four bones.
Good day and good game ;)
